Background: A solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) of the kidney with thrombus extended into the inferior vena cava (IVC) and right atrium (RA) is very rare. Methods and Conclusion: We reported here an extremely case of right renal SFT extended to the IVC and RA, treated late with an urgent RA mass removal and IVC thrombectomy.

In this work, we introduce the concept of double quantum integrals for the interval-valued functions of two variables. We offer several new inclusions of the Hermite-Hadamard type for co-ordinated convex interval-valued functions using the newly defined integrals. Moreover, we prove trapezoidal type inequalities for interval-valued functions of two variables using the ideas of the Pompeiu--Hausdorff distance between the intervals. It is also revealed that the results offered in this work are the generalization of several existing results.

Quantitative assessment of the effects of climate change and human activities on runoff is very important for regional sustainable water resources utilization. Determining abrupt changes in runoff could enhance identification of the main driving factors for the sudden changes. In this study, the double mass curves analysis combined with field investigation is used to determine abrupt changes in runoff in two sub-catchments of Upper Yongding River Basin(UYRB), while trend analysis via the traditional Mann–Kendall test for the period 1961–2017 is used to identify the basic trend of precipitation, temperature and potential evapotranspiration(E0). The results suggest an insignificant change in precipitation, a significant increase in temperature and a significant decline in E0 in both sub-catchments. For both of the sub-catchments, abrupt changes in runoff occurred in 1982 and 2003. Both Budyko’s curve and double mass curves are used to evaluate the potential impacts of climate variability and human activities on mean annual streamflow. The results showed that, from the 1960s to the 1980s, runoff declined by 20.01% and 22.28% for Xiangshuibu and Shixiali, respectively; from the 1980s to the 2000s, runoff declined by 68.23% and 67.77% respectively. In the variation stage Ⅰ (1983~2003), human activities contributed 90.6% and 62.7% of the mean annual streamflow change in YRB and SRB, respectively. In the variation stage Ⅱ(2004~2017), human activities contributed 99.5% and 93.5% of the change in YRB and SRB, respectively. It is also noted that the first abrupt decline in runoff was actually at the beginning of China’s land reform, when the land reform motivated farmers to productively manage their reallocated lands, agricultural water consumption therefore increased. The second abrupt change point occurred in 2003, when “Capital water resources planning” implemented including water conservation projects and irrigation district construction. In general, human activities, including soil and water conservation projects and water consumption, are found to be the dominant factors responsible for the significant decline in the annual streamflow in the UYRB over the last six decades.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic remitting-relapsing inflammatory skin disorder. Due to the multifactorial pathogenesis, there are numerous therapeutic management approaches, mainly based on symptomatic treatments. In recent years Allergen Immunotherapy (AIT) has been progressively advanced as targeted disease-modifying treatment of allergic disease. The most recent guideline from the American Academy of Dermatology concludes that data available do not support its use in AD. The Joint Task Force and The European Academy of Dermatology suggest that clinicians can consider AIT treatment in selected patients characterized by aeroallergen sensitization, prevalently HDM, severe AD, clinical exacerbation after exposure to the causative allergen. Nevertheless, its role in AD is still under debate, especially in children.

Background: Current literature describes the characteristics of some skin-manifestations in the context of Inborn errors of the immune system, previously called Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases (PID). However, there is little data on epidemiological trends of skin manifestations and PID in Latin America (LA). We aimed to describe the characteristics of patients with skin manifestations and PID diagnosis treated at a tertiary hospital in southwestern Colombia. Methods: Retrospective, observational study. Data was taken from the institutional database of pediatric PID which includes 306 patients under 18 years of age that consulted to Fundación Valle de Lili (FVL), a tertiary-care center in Cali, Southwestern Colombia, either in-patient or out-patient services between December 2013 and December 2018. A trained, third-year dermatology resident reviewed the electronic clinical records of all the patients in the database double-checked patients that included cutaneous signs and symptoms. A total of 83 patients of the original 306 patients (27.1%) had skin manifestations and were included in this sub-analysis. Results: A total of 83 patients of the original 306 patients (27.1%) presented some cutaneous manifestation. Of these, 56.6% had atopic dermatitis and 56.6% had a report of skin infection, some of the patients had two of these manifestations. Infections were more frequent in the IDP group of combined immunodeficiency associated with well-defined syndromes, and atopic dermatitis in the group of antibody deficiencies. Conclusions: It is important to recognize dermatological clinical characteristics in patients with PID. More studies are necessary, in order to establish recommendations regarding the approach of this matter.

Beasley Lake Watershed is an agriculturally influenced drainage basin in western Mississippi that has been intensively studied for 25 years. As part of the USDA Conservation Effects Assessment Project (CEAP), the watershed has archived hydrology, precipitation, and water quality data in order to measure the effects of multiple USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service conservation practices on lake water quality. The long-term database is available to researchers using a web-based application, Sustaining the Earth’s Watersheds, Agricultural Research Data System (STEWARDS). STEWARDS is a GIS-based data retrieval application that encompasses spatial and temporal data collected from multiple sites within the watershed. This data note describes information located in the STEWARDS Beasley Lake Watershed database, including hydrology, precipitation, and water quality data. This information is valuable to researchers and agencies beyond the USDA as an available and useful database to improve the understanding of how land-use practices affect the water quality of shallow lake systems.

A 16-Year old with Lemierre’s Syndrome and Multiple Septic Pulmonary EmboliChristopher M Oermann, MDDepartment of Pediatrics, Children’s Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City MOCorresponding Author:Christopher M Oermann, MDChildren’s Mercy Kansas City2401 Gillham RoadKansas City, MO 64108816-302-3354 (telephone)816-302-9736 (fax)cmoermann@cmh.eduRunning Head: Pulmonary Septic Emboli in Lemierre SnKey Words: Lemierre Syndrome, Septic EmboliWord Count: 1035To the Editor,Lemierre’s syndrome (LS) is a rare disease resulting from infective thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein (JV) following oropharyngeal infection. The incidence of LS has increased after decades of decline. Septic pulmonary emboli (PE) are common, but all organ systems can be involved. Although LS is most often caused byFusobacterium necrophorum , other pathogens have been implicated. Persistent high fever and organ-specific signs and symptoms result from the septic emboli (SE). The diagnosis is often suspected following growth of Fusobacterium from blood cultures and is confirmed by head/neck imaging. Therapy includes antimicrobials, drainage of abscesses, and anticoagulation. Significant morbidity/mortality occur if diagnosis and treatment are delayed. Pediatric pulmonologists must be familiar with the diagnosis and management of LS.A previously healthy 16-year old male was admitted to hospital following two weeks of fever, myalgia, nausea/vomiting/diarrhea with 10-pound weight loss, and dry cough. He had been evaluated by his primary care provider (PCP) ten days prior to admission for pharyngitis and fever of 40oC. Rapid streptococcal antigen and SARS-CoV-2 testing were negative, and he was treated with antipyretics. Continued symptoms led to PCP reevaluation after 7 days. Chest imaging demonstrated a single round pneumonia in the right lower lobe, and he received 3 days of azithromycin. He failed to improve and was referred to the emergency department 3 days later. Computed tomography (CT) of the chest/abdomen/pelvis demonstrated bilateral pulmonary nodules. He was admitted for evaluation and treatment.Considerations from the admitting team included atypical infection (fungal or mycobacterial) versus e-cigarette or vaping product use associated lung injury (EVALI), so Pulmonary Medicine service was consulted. EVALI was thought unlikely based on the radiographic appearance of the lesions (Figure 1). Additional considerations included septic PE, paragonimiasis, autoimmune disease with small vessel vasculitis (polyangiitis with granulomatosis), and inflammatory bowel disease. Evaluation for these potential diagnoses was initiated and empiric therapy with vancomycin and ceftriaxone was commenced. Echocardiogram, infectious diseases testing, and autoimmune evaluation were all normal. Painful swelling in the right, anterior neck and a tender spot on his upper right back developed the day after admission. His blood culture grew gram-negative anaerobic rods, raising concern for LS. Doppler ultrasound of the neck demonstrated occlusive thrombus within the right external JV with extension into the internal JV. Metronidazole was added to his intravenous antimicrobial regimen and anticoagulation therapy was initiated.CT Imaging demonstrated normal CNS with confirmation of thrombosis of the JVs and inflammation over the surrounding soft tissues of the anterior right neck and a large abscess involving the posterior spinal musculature of the upper thorax. A drain was placed, and 25 cc of pus removed. Magnetic resonance imaging of the spine demonstrated extension of the abscess into the T1 spinous process suggesting osteomyelitis. The blood culture grew Fusobacterium necrophorum and antibiotic coverage was changed to ampicillin/sulbactam to treat potential polymicrobial infection. Fevers resolved, pain and other symptoms improved, and the drain was removed after 3 days. He was discharged to continue 6 weeks of ampicillin/sulbactam and anticoagulation therapy.LS is a rare complication of infections of the head/neck, with a reported incidence of one per million people per year.1 Common during the “pre-antibiotic era”, LS had decreased in incidence for decades but has increased since the 1990s. This is possibly due to better antimicrobial stewardship and decreased use of antimicrobials for pharyngitis.1Disease is attributed to infections of the tonsils and peritonsillar tissue in 87% of cases and infections of the pharynx, parotid glands, sinuses, mastoids, middle ears, and teeth/gums in 13%.2 Males and females are equally affected.3 LS has been reported in individuals aged 2 months to 78 years, although it is most commonly reported among previously healthy adolescents and young adults.2,3LS originates with primary infection of the head/neck.4 This is followed by spread of the infection through the soft tissues of the neck resulting in thrombophlebitis of the internal JV. Dissemination of infection via SE occurs, with lung involvement in up to 80% and bones/joints in up to 27%.1-4 Additional sites of infection include cardiovascular, skin/muscles, central nervous system, abdominal organs (liver and spleen), and kidneys. Pulmonary involvement has included septic PE, abscess formation, necrotizing pneumonia, empyema, pneumothorax, pulmonary embolism, and acute respiratory distress syndrome. LS is most often caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum , part of the normal flora of the pharynx, accounting for up to 85%. Additional causes include other Fusobacterium species, anaerobes (Bacteroides , Peptococcus , and Peptostreptococcusspecies), and aerobes (Streptococcus , and Staphylococcusspecies), among others. Polymicrobial infections are reported in up to 30%.2 Significant morbidity results from delayed diagnosis. Mortality has been reported as 4-18%; more recent reviews suggest a lower rate.3,5LS often presents 4-12 days after the initiating oropharyngeal infection, which may have resolved by presentation. Symptoms include high fever (up to 80%), gastrointestinal (50%), pharyngitis with cervical adenopathy or neck pain/swelling, myalgia/arthralgia, rigors, and respiratory symptoms (cough or dyspnea).1,2,5Additional symptoms may be secondary to organ dysfunction caused by SE. Diagnosis is often made via Doppler ultrasound or CT imaging of the head/neck or the growth of Fusobacterium from blood/abscess cultures.Therapy for LS involves long term, intravenous antibiotics, surgical drainage of abscesses, and anticoagulation.1-5Metronidazole is often reported as standard therapy for LS. Other antibiotic considerations include carbapenems or penicillin/beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations, which provide broader coverage for polymicrobial infections. Duration of therapy is 4-6 weeks, allowing for adequate penetration of thrombi and treatment of secondary problems such as osteomyelitis. Anticoagulation therapy is more controversial; some data suggest that anticoagulation hastens overall response while others indicate adequate clinical response without additional therapy.LS is a rare disorder of the head/neck that may be associated with significant morbidity/mortality if diagnosis and treatment are delayed. Pediatric pulmonologists will typically encounter LS in patients hospitalized with prolonged fever and multiple septic PE. LS must be considered in every child with multiple cavitary nodules identified on chest imaging. This is particularly true if there is a history of preceding oropharyngeal infection or signs/symptoms suggesting pathology in the head/neck. The growth of Fusobacterium species from blood culture or abscesses should also suggest LS. Doppler ultrasound examination of the neck and CT imaging of the head/neck should be obtained. Therapy is long-term, intravenous antibiotics. Adjuvant therapy includes surgical incision and drainage of abscesses and anticoagulation therapy.

Sanjiang Plain is the largest area of freshwater wetland in China. Due to agricultural development, a large volume of groundwater in this area has been extracted over the last few decades, resulting in wetland degradation. In order to provide information for the development and protection of wetland ecosystem, investigations examining processes of wetland degradation are important. The aim of this work is to assess the impacts of wetland degradation on the communities of soil microbial community under four different types of degradation wetland including swamp meadow (SW), meadow wetland (MW), paddy farmland (PF), and cropland (CL) in Sanjiang Plain. Using both 16S and ITS rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to evaluate the fungal and bacterial diversity and composition. The dominant fungal phyla and bacterial were Ascomycota and Proteobacteria in this study, respectively. In addition, wetland degradation remarkably augmented the partial affluence of Chloroflexi and Gemmatimonadetes, but the partial affluence of Proteobacteria and Verrucomicrobia significantly diminished. Bacterial Shannon index of SW was lower than those in other sites. While, fungal diversity had no significant differences under different types of degradation wetland. Along with the wetland degradation, such differential reactions of the dominant phyla microbial and diversity were notably coordinated with TP, TK, AK, and SOM, which were the most essential criteria influencing the soil microbial communities. Generally, these outcomes suggested that wetland degradation could result in variations in soil microbial community composition structure. These changes could be used as an early warning signal for the degradation wetland in Sanjiang Plain.

Heterotopic pregnancy (HP) is a rare event of ectopic pregnancy after natural pregnancy or assisted reproductive technology (ART) procedures, and its pathophysiologic mechanisms have not been clarified. Moreover, it is difficult to diagnose an HP due to the rarity and the asymptomatic nature. Here we present a case of an unexplained infertility woman following in vitro fertilization - embryo transfer (IVF - ET) developed HP — intrauterine pregnancy and tubo - ovarian pregnancy, and managed conservatively by laparoscopic. HP after ART represents an emergency and therefore the intrauterine pregnancy and the fertility potential will be better preserved by improved sonographic imaging and experienced surgical hands.

Acute aortic dissection is the most challenging, life-threatening condition and requires prompt diagnosis and management. However about one-third of patients with type A acute aortic dissection (TAAAD) die within 24 hours, 50% within 48 hours and 95% die within first month. [1] Futhermore aortic dissection complicate with malperfusion syndrome is a devastating condition. Acute myocardial infarction within the TAAAD is the most fatal situation and occurs in about 1-2% of cases.[2] A total coronary artery avulsion is somewhat rare event in setting of TAAAD specially when it’s asymptomatic. the authors describe a case of a young man who underwent aortic root surgery and aortic arch replacemente for aortic type A dissectioc with complete right coronary artery avulsion completely asintomatic at presentation.

A 38-year-old female with severe septic shock and multiorgan failure secondary to MDR-ESBL E. coli secondary to septic abortion. She had a miscarriage at 22 weeks of gestation after IVF pregnancy, complicated by cervical tear, developed ARDS, required ventilation, ECMO and CRRT. She had an ECMO cannula induced tear in the right internal jugular vein 1 cm before joining the subclavian vein to form the innominate vein. She had a cardiac arrest after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) institution, required resuscitation. The iatrogenic Rt Internal jugular vein tear was managed in the cardiac operating room. She was well managed by a multidisciplinary team in the ICU and after a prolonged ICU stay, she was discharged to home.

Introduction: Labour is one of the most exciting and important events of woman’s life, but often is accompanied by fear related to childbirth. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of doula care on level of anxiety among labouring mothers. Design: Quasi-experimental Setting: CLR, Nehru Hospital, PGIMER, Chandigarh. Sample: 120 labouring mothers Methods: Tools used for data collection was interview schedule composed of socio-demographic and obstetrical profile and state and trait anxiety inventory used for the assessment of anxiety level. The Level of anxiety was assessed in the experimental group after implementing the doula care (psychological support by doula as a birth companion, effleurage massage, breathing exercises, and positioning) and in the control group after giving routine care. Main outcome: level of anxiety Results: The pre-test showed no difference in anxiety level among both the groups. (p>0.05). In the post-test there was significantly low anxiety level in experimental group as compared to control group as shown by Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon Test (p<0.05). Conclusion It is concluded that doula care is effective in reduction of anxiety during labour. Keywords: Doula, Doula care, Intra-natal period, effleurage massage. Clinical trial registry – India, ctri.nic.in/clinicaltrials/login.php. (CTRI/2019/07/020367)

We describe a case of ICM implantation in a 74-year-old woman with SIT and ESUS for detection of AF. ICM implantation was performed successfully without any complications. AF was detected at 28 days after ICM insertion. ICMs can be safely implanted in patients with SIT, allowing successful detection of AF.

Tracheal stenosis can be a disastrous consequence of prolonged endotracheal intubation. In the COVID-19 era, vigilance must be maintained not to overlook this complication.

A 23-year-old male that evolved to complete bilateral post-nuclear facial paralysis (House & Brackman Grade VI) after be involved in automobile accident followed by bilateral temporal bone fracture. The patient undergone a facial decompression surgery after performed an ENoG on the 18th day revealing bilateral absence of muscular response.

Objective: Finding the maternal and cycle associated factors that affect the pregnancy and neonatal outcomes when excluding paternal effect. Design: A retrospective cohort study. Setting: Public fertility center. Population: 1098 couples that received fresh IVF/ ICSI cycle with donor sperm. Methods: The associations of maternal factors and cycle-related parameters with pregnancy and neonatal outcomes were depicted as adjusted odds ratios (aOR) / adjusted β and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Main outcome measures: Pregnancy and neonatal outcomes. Results: Women over 35 years had a distinctly decreased pregnancy and live birth rate (aOR 0.904; 95% CI 0.317–2.584 and aOR 0.905; 95% CI 0.398–2.768). Abortion and multiple ART-cycles were linked with increased risks of pregnancy failure, the oocyte retrieval and transferred embryo numbers improved pregnancy incidence. Blastocyst transfer increased both the probability of pregnancy and live birth (aOR 1.77; 95% CI 1.035–3.026 and aOR 1.364; 95% CI 1.041–1.788). For newborn, the negative contribution of transferred embryo number to birth weight and length was observed (adjusted β -0.30; 95% CI -0.533 to -0.277 and adjusted β -0.197; 95% CI -0.789 to -0.332). Female BMI and endometrial thickness both had a positive effect on birth weight and length. Conclusions: Oocyte number, transferred embryo number, and blastocyst transfer were positively associated with pregnancy or live birth. Females over 35 had an abortion, and multiple ART cycles experience linked to failure pregnancy. The transfer of multiple embryo poses a threat to newborn body weight and length, while higher mother BMI and endometrial thickness had positive influence.

A fifty years old woman with dyspnea of exertion and rupture of sinus Valsalva to right atrium in echocardiography referred to our hospital. After device closure of the rupture, she developed orthostatic hypoxemia. Invasive intra-cardiac evaluation confirmed the diagnosis of Platypnea-Orthodeoxia Syndrome which was managed by device closure for PFO.

Hereditary disorders are frequently caused by genetic variants that affect pre-mRNA splicing. Whilst genetic variants in the canonical splice motifs are almost always disrupting splicing, the pathogenicity of variants in the non-canonical splice sites (NCSS) and deep intronic (DI) regions are difficult to predict. Multiple splice prediction tools have been developed for this purpose, with the latest tools employing deep learning algorithms. We benchmarked established and deep learning splice prediction tools on gold standard sets of variants in the ABCA4 and MYBPC3 genes associated with Stargardt disease (STGD1) and cardiomyopathy, respectively, with functional assessment in midigene and minigene splice assays. The best performing splice prediction tool for both NCSS and DI variants in ABCA4 was SpliceAI, whilst SpliceSiteFinder-like performed best for NCSS variants in MYBPC3. Overall, the performance in a real time clinical setting is much more modest than reported by the developers of the tools.

The niches of species that are geographically separated can either be conserved or diverge. This dynamic has been studied over time through Species Distribution Modeling and quantification of niche metrics. Here I have conducted this study for South Asian Dolphins. The Ganges River Dolphin and the Indus Dolphins are considered sub-species but there has been debate on this classification. The niche overlap was found to be very low meaning Indus Dolphin which most likely separated through the process of drainage capture has diverged from its original niche. The niche equivalency test also showed that there is a niche divergence is statistically significant. These dolphins could well be two separate species given their difference in niches but further study especially genetic studies are needed to affirm this. But the study highlights deviations from niche conservatism for the taxa due to significant niche shifts.

In this article, we introduce the notion of biorthgonoal nonuniform multiresolution analysis on the spectrum $\Lambda=\left\{0, r/N\right\}+2\mathbb Z$, where $N\ge 1$ is an integer and $r$ is an odd integer with $1\le r\le 2N-1$ such that $r$ and $N$ are relatively prime. We first establish the necessary and sufficient conditions for the translates of a single function to form the Riesz bases for their closed linear span. We provide the complete characterization for the biorthogonality of the translates of scaling functions of two nonuniform multiresolution analysis and the associated biorthogonal wavelet families. Furthermore, under the mild assumptions on the scaling functions and the corresponding wavelets associated with nonuniform multiresolution analysis, we show that the wavelets can generate Reisz bases.

Background and Purpose: In the development of vaccines, it is important to increase the antigen of the vaccine. We have confirmed the potential of Morus alba L., a Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activator, as an adjuvant as a method for increasing the antigenicity of the vaccine. Experimental Approach: TLR4 is highly expressed on immune cells, therefore, the present study was undertaken to investigate the underlying immunological processes of Morus alba L. as an oral adjuvant in a mouse model. Mice were immunized with two types of antigen (ovalbumin (OVA) or inactivated influenza vaccine) combined with Morus alba L. Key Results: In the OVA antigen model, the co-administration of Morus alba L. significantly promoted phagocytosis in murine peritoneal macrophages. The maturation and function of dendritic cells were significantly up-regulated the expression of MHC-II, CD86, and CD80 compared to OVA alone. The titers of OVA-specific IgG, IgG subtype responses, and IgA were increased, the proliferation of T and B-cells was markedly enhanced, and the production of IL-12, IFN-, and IL-4 was better than OVA alone. In the inactivated influenza H1N1(PR8) vaccine model, the co-administration of Morus alba L. with vaccine significantly increased the IgM, IgG, and IgG subtype responses. The immunization of mice with Morus alba L. adjuvant reduced mortality in mice after a lethal challenge with influenza virus. Conclusion and Implications: Morus alba L. is a novel mucosal adjuvant for vaccination that provided safe and effective adjuvant effects and successfully induced both serum and mucosal antibody responses and cell-mediated responses.

Crystallographic B-factors provide direct dynamical information on the internal mobility of proteins that is closely linked to function, and are also widely used as a benchmark in assessing elastic network models. A significant question in the field is: what is the exact amount of thermal vibrations in protein crystallographic B-factors? This work sets out to answer this question. First, we carry out a thorough, statistically sound analysis of crystallographic B-factors of over 10,000 structures. Second, by employing a highly accurate all-atom model with the well-known CHARMM force field, we obtain computationally the magnitudes of thermal vibrations of nearly 1,000 structures. Our key findings are: (i) the magnitude of thermal vibrations, surprisingly, is nearly protein-independent, as a corollary to the universality in vibrational spectra of globular proteins established earlier; (ii) the magnitude of thermal vibrations is small, less than 0.1 Å2 at 100 K; (iii) the percentage of thermal vibrations in B-factors is the lowest at low resolution and low temperature (<10%) but increases to as high as 60% for structures determined at high resolution and at room temperature. The significance of this work is that it provides for the first time, using an extremely large dataset, a thorough analysis of B-factors and their thermal and static disorder components. The results clearly demonstrate that structures determined at high resolution and at room temperature have the richest dynamics information. Since such structures are relatively rare in the PDB database, the work naturally calls for more such structures to be determined experimentally.

Background: The influence of farming on plant, animal and microbial biodiversity has been carefully studied and much debated. Here, we compare an isolate-based study of 196 Rhizobium strains to amplicon-based MAUI-seq analysis of rhizobia from 17,000 white clover root nodules. We use these data to investigate the influence of soil properties, geographic distance, and field management on Rhizobium nodule populations. Results: Overall, there was good agreement between the two approaches and the precise allele frequency estimates from the large-scale MAUI-seq amplicon data allowed detailed comparisons of rhizobium populations between individual plots and fields. A few specific chromosomal core-gene alleles were significantly correlated with soil clay content, and core-gene allele profiles became increasingly distinct with geographic distance. Field management was associated with striking differences in Rhizobium diversity, where organic fields showed significantly higher diversity levels than conventionally managed trials. Conclusions: Our results indicate that MAUI-seq is suitable and robust for assessing nodule Rhizobium diversity. We further observe possible profound effects of field management on microbial diversity, which could impact plant health and productivity and warrant further investigation.

Dylan K Wainwright et al. indicated high-performance Tuna platform for designing autonomous underwater vehicles [1]. Although their research will be useful, they should focus on the role of fins. Vadim Pavlov, et al. described hydraulic control of tuna fins [2]. During the late 18th century, wing designs were based on anatomical studies on dolphins, trout and tuna by the “father of aerodynamics”, Sir George Cayley [3,4]. Fish that are adapted for fast swimming, like tuna, are generally fusiform in shape and this is considered an efficient, hydrodynamic shape [5,6]. The hydraulic-fin-manufacture utilized multiple small fins instead of large hydraulic fins through the experiment for adopting better boat stabilizers [7]. By using two, four or six smaller active fins grouped together, the more small fins system produces better results without causing drag and slowing boats [7]. Tuna has such efficient hydrodynamic multiple small fins including 1st dorsal fin, 2nd dorsal fin, finlets, caudal fin, pelvic fin, pectoral fin, and anal fin. Every tuna fin may have the special role for better performance in stabilization of any vehicles.References:1. Dylan K Wainwright and George V Lauder 2020 Bioinspir. Biomim.15 0350072. Vadim Pavlov, et al., Hydraulic control of tuna fins: A role for the lymphatic system in vertebrate locomotion, Science, 21 Jul 2017, Vol.357, Issue 6348, pp.310-3143. Bio-mimetic Drag Reduction – Part 2: Aero- and Hydrodynamics, March 31, 2012http://aerospaceengineeringblog.com/bio-mimetic-drag-reduction-2/4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Cayley5. Eric Pickhartz, The ‘Tuna Robot’ is the Navy’s Newest Underwater Drone, July 4, 2014http://www.wideopenspaces.com/tuna-robot-navys-newest-underwater-drone/6. Kirk Janowiak, Are fish aerodynamic?, Jan 12, 2015https://www.quora.com/Are-fish-aerodynamic7. High-Performance Active Fin Stabilizers Improve Boat Speed and Performance, Feb 21, 2017http://www.gyrogalestabilizers.com/high-performance-active-fin-stabilizers-improve-boat-speed-performance/